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The diathesis–stress model is a psychological theory that attempts to explain behavior as a predispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences. The term diathesis derives from the Greek term (διάθεσις) for disposition, or vulnerability, and it can take the form of genetic, psychological, biological, or situational factors.〔Ingram, R. E. & Luxton, D. D. (2005). "Vulnerability-Stress Models." In B.L. Hankin & J. R. Z. Abela (Eds.), ''(Development of Psychopathology: A vulnerability stress perspective )'' (pp. 32-46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.〕 A large range of individual differences exist between persons in their vulnerability to the development of disorder.〔 The diathesis, or predisposition, interacts with the subsequent stress response of an individual. Stress refers to a life event or series of events that disrupt a person’s psychological equilibrium and potentially serves as a catalyst to the development of a disorder.〔 Thus, the diathesis–stress model serves to explore how biological or genetic traits (''diatheses'') interact with environmental influences (''stressors'') to produce disorders, such as depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia.〔Prevention Action. ''Diathesis-stress models'' Retrieved from http://www.preventionaction.org/reference/diathesis-stress-models〕 The diathesis–stress model asserts that if the combination of the predisposition and the stress exceeds a threshold, the person will develop a disorder.〔Lazarus, R. S. (1993). ("From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks." )'' Annual Review of Psychology'', 44: 1-21. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245〕 The use of term diathesis in the fields of medicine and psychiatry dates back to the 1800s; however, the diathesis–stress model was not introduced and utilized to describe the development of psychopathology until it was used to explain schizophrenia in the 1960s.〔 The diathesis–stress model is used in many fields of psychology, specifically for studying the development of psychopathology.〔Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009). (Developmental psychopathology. ) ''Life-span human development'' (6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.〕 It is useful for the purposes of understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in the susceptibility to psychological disorders throughout the lifespan.〔 Diathesis–stress models can also assist in determining who will develop a disorder and who will not.〔Oatley, K., Keltner, D., & Jenkins, J. M. (2006a). "Emotions and mental health in adulthood." ''(Understanding Emotions )'' (2nd ed.) (pp. 353-383). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.〕 For example, in the context of depression, the diathesis–stress model can help explain why Person A may become depressed while Person B does not, even when exposed to the same stressors.〔 More recently, the diathesis–stress model has been used to explain why some individuals are more at risk for developing a disorder than others.〔Gazelle, H., & Ladd, G. W. (2003). ("Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood." ) ''Child Development'', 74: 257-278. doi: 10.1111/1467-8625.00634〕 For example, children who have a family history of depression are generally more vulnerable to developing a depressive disorder themselves. A child who has a family history of depression and who has been exposed to a particular stressor, such as exclusion or rejection by his or her peers, would be more likely to develop depression than a child with a family history of depression that has an otherwise positive social network of peers.〔 The diathesis–stress model has also served as useful in explaining other poor (but non-clinical) developmental outcomes. ''Protective factors'', such as positive social networks or high self-esteem, can counteract the effects of stressors and prevent or curb the effects of disorder.〔 Many psychological disorders have a window of vulnerability, during which time an individual is more likely to develop disorder than others.〔 Diathesis–stress models are often conceptualized as multi-causal developmental models, which propose that multiple risk factors over the course of development interact with stressors and protective factors contributing to normal development or psychopathology.〔 The differential susceptibility hypothesis is a recent theory that has stemmed from the diathesis–stress model.〔 ==Diathesis== The term diathesis is synonymous with vulnerability.〔 A vulnerability makes it more or less likely that an individual will succumb to the development of psychopathology if a certain stress is encountered.〔 Diatheses are considered inherent within the individual and are typically conceptualized as being stable, but not unchangeable, over the lifespan.〔Oatley, K., Keltner, D. & Jenkins, J. M. (2006b). "Emotions and mental health in childhood."''(Understanding emotions )'' (2nd ed.) (pp. 321-351). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.〕 They are also often considered latent (i.e. dormant), because they are harder to recognize unless provoked by stressors.〔 Diatheses are understood to include genetic, biological, physiological, cognitive, and personality-related factors.〔 Some examples of diatheses include genetic factors, such as abnormalities in some genes or variations in multiple genes that interact to increase vulnerability. Other diatheses include early life experiences such as the loss of a parent.〔 Diatheses can also be conceptualized as situational factors, such as low socio-economic status or having a parent with depression. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Diathesis–stress model」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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